15 years' experience in the single-port laparoscopic treatment of pediatric varicocele with Ligasure® technology. / Quince años de experiencia en el tratamiento laparoscópico del varicocele pediátrico con un solo puerto de trabajo y tecnología Ligasure®.

INTRODUCTION: Varicocele is an abnormal dilatation of the internal spermatic veins of the spermatic cord. It has an estimated prevalence of 15% in young male adults. Even though most of them are asymptomatic, scrotal pain and testicular hypotrophy are frequent in children and adolescents. There is controversy regarding the indications and optimal approach for treatment purposes. We present the results of our 15-year series in the laparoscopic repair of pediatric varicocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 238 patients diagnosed with varicocele and undergoing laparoscopic repair from 2006 to 2020 were reviewed. Variables collected included age, symptoms, grade, testicular atrophy, hospital stay, perioperative complications, recurrences, and formation of reactive hydrocele. Mean follow-up was 5.6 years (6 months-9 years). RESULTS: Mean age was 14.1 years. 188 patients had grade III varicocele. In 14 cases, varicocele was bilateral. Testicular atrophy at diagnosis was found in 42% of patients, 74% of whom were over 15 years old. 51 patients had testicular pain. All patients underwent laparoscopic treatment. Mean operating time was 36 min. Median hospital stay was 31 h. Recurrence rate was 2.1%. 43 patients (18%) developed hydrocele, but only 27 (11.2%) required hydrocelectomy according to Lord's plication at least 1 year following laparoscopy. Of the remaining 16 cases, 2 spontaneously resolved and 14 remained stable in the mean 7-year follow-up. In 7.1%, paresthesias were noted in the anterior-internal aspect of the left thigh. CONCLUSION: Based on our series, we believe laparoscopy should be regarded as the gold standard technique in the pediatric population. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy is technically easy and fast, causes no pain, and has a recurrence rate of 1%. The procedures involving lymphatic vessel preservation could reduce reactive hydrocele rates as a long-term complication to a minimum.

INTRODUCCION: El varicocele es una dilatación anormal de las venas espermáticas internas del cordón espermático. Su prevalencia se estima en 15% de varones adultos jóvenes. Aunque la mayoría son asintomáticos, en niños y adolescentes el dolor escrotal y la hipotrofia testicular son frecuentes. Existe controversia sobre las indicaciones y el abordaje óptimo para su tratamiento. Presentamos los resultados de nuestra serie de 15 años en la reparación laparoscópica del varicocele pediátrico. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Revisamos 238 pacientes diagnosticados de varicocele y sometidos a corrección laparoscópica desde 2006 hasta 2020. Las variables registradas fueron: edad, síntomas, grado, atrofia testicular, duración de la estancia, complicaciones perioperatorias, recidivas y formación de hidrocele reactivo. El seguimiento medio fue 5,6 años (6 meses-9 años). RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue 14,1 años. 188 pacientes presentaban varicocele grado III. En 14 casos el varicocele era bilateral. Se observó atrofia testicular en 42% al diagnóstico, de los que el 74% eran mayores de 15 años. Cincuenta y un pacientes refirieron dolor testicular. Todos los pacientes se sometieron al tratamiento laparoscópico. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 36 min. La mediana de estancia fue 31 horas. La tasa de recidiva fue 2,1%. Cuarenta y tres pacientes desarrollaron hidrocele (18%); pero solo 27 precisaron hidrocelectomía según plicatura de Lord al menos un año poslaparoscopia (11,2%). De los 16 restantes, dos se resolvieron espontáneamente y 14 se mantuvieron estables en el seguimiento medio de siete años. En 7,1% se notificaron parestesias en la cara anterointerna del muslo izquierdo. CONCLUSION: Basándonos en nuestra serie, creemos que la laparoscopia debe considerarse el gold standard en edad pediátrica. La varicocelectomía laparoscópica es técnicamente fácil y rápida, indolora y con una tasa de recurrencia del 1%. Los procedimientos de preservación de los linfáticos podrían reducir al mínimo las tasas de hidrocele reactivo como complicación a largo plazo.

Quince años de experiencia en el tratamiento laparoscópico del varicocele pediátrico con un solo puerto de trabajo y tecnología Ligasure / 15 years’ experience in the single-port laparoscopic treatment of pediatric varicocele with Ligasure ® technology

Introducción: El varicocele es una dilatación anormal de las venas espermáticas internas del cordón espermático. Su prevalencia se estima en 15% de varones adultos jóvenes. Aunque la mayoría son asintomáticos, en niños y adolescentes el dolor escrotal y la hipotrofia testicular son frecuentes. Existe controversia sobre las indicaciones y el abordaje óptimo para su tratamiento. Presentamos los resultados de nuestra serie de 15 años en la reparación laparoscópica del varicocele pediátrico. Material y métodos: Revisamos 238 pacientes diagnosticados de varicocele y sometidos a corrección laparoscópica desde 2006 hasta 2020. Las variables registradas fueron: edad, síntomas, grado, atrofia testicular, duración de la estancia, complicaciones perioperatorias, recidivas y formación de hidrocele reactivo. El seguimiento medio fue 5,6 años (6 meses-9 años). Resultados: La edad promedio fue 14,1 años. 188 pacientes presentaban varicocele grado III. En 14 casos el varicocele era bilateral. Se observó atrofia testicular en 42% al diagnóstico, de los que el 74%eran mayores de 15 años. Cincuenta y un pacientes refirieron dolor testicular. Todos los pacientes se sometieron al tratamiento laparoscópico. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 36 min. La mediana de estancia fue 31 horas. La tasa de recidiva fue 2,1%. Cuarenta y tres pacientes desarrollaron hidrocele (18%); pero solo 27 precisaron hidrocelectomía según plicatura de Lord al menos un año poslaparoscopia (11,2%). De los 16 restantes, dos se resolvieron espontáneamente y 14 se mantuvieron estables en el seguimiento medio de siete años. En 7,1% se notificaron parestesias en la cara anterointerna del muslo izquierdo. Conclusión: Basándonos en nuestra serie, creemos que la laparoscopia debe considerarse el gold standard en edad pediátrica. La varicocelectomía laparoscópica es técnicamente fácil y rápida, indolora y con una tasa de recurrencia del 1%...(AU)

Introduction: Varicocele is an abnormal dilatation of the internal spermatic veins of the spermatic cord. It has an estimated prevalence of 15% in young male adults. Even though most of them are asymptomatic, scrotal pain and testicular hypotrophy are frequent in children and adolescents. There is controversy regarding the indications and optimal approach for treatment purposes. We present the results of our 15-year series in the laparoscopic repair of pediatric varicocele. Materials and methods: 238 patients diagnosed with varicocele and undergoing laparoscopic repair from 2006 to 2020 were reviewed. Variables collected included age, symptoms, grade, testicular atrophy, hospital stay, perioperative complications, recurrences, and formation of reactive hydrocele. Mean follow-up was 5.6 years (6 months-9 years). Results: Mean age was 14.1 years. 188 patients had grade III varicocele. In 14 cases, varicocele was bilateral. Testicular atrophy at diagnosis was found in 42% of patients, 74% of whom were over 15 years old. 51 patients had testicular pain. All patients underwent laparoscopic treatment. Mean operating time was 36 min. Median hospital stay was 31 h. Recurrence rate was 2.1%. 43 patients (18%) developed hydrocele, but only 27 (11.2%) required hydrocelectomy according to Lord’s plication at least 1 year following laparoscopy. Of the remaining 16 cases, 2 spontaneously resolved and 14 remained stable in the mean 7-year follow-up. In 7.1%, paresthesias were noted in the anterior-internal aspect of the left thigh. Conclusion: Based on our series, we believe laparoscopy should be regarded as the gold standard technique in the pediatric population. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy is technically easy and fast, causes no pain, and has a recurrence rate of 1%. The procedures involving lymphatic vessel preservation could reduce reactive hydrocele rates as a long-term complication to a minimum.(AU)

Case Report: Everolimus reduced bone turnover markers but showed no clinical benefit in a patient with severe progressive osseous heteroplasia.

Background: Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) is an ultrarare genetic disorder characterized by an inactivating mutation in the GNAS gene that causes heterotopic ossification. Inhibition of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway has been proposed as a therapy for progressive bone fibrodysplasia and non-genetic forms of bone heteroplasia. Herein, we describe the impact of using Everolimus as a rescue therapy for an identical twin girl exhibiting an aggressive clinical phenotype of POH. Methods: Clinical evaluation of the progression of the disease during Everolimus treatment was performed periodically. Cytokine markers involved in bone metabolism and protein markers related to bone activity were analyzed to explore bone turnover activity. Results: The patient received Everolimus therapy for 36 weeks. During treatment, no clinical improvement of the disease was perceived. Analysis of biochemical parameters, namely, ß-CTX (r 2 = -0.576, P-value = 0.016) and PNIP (r 2 = -0.598, P-value = 0.011), indicated that bone turnover activity was significantly reduced. Additionally, bone metabolism-related biomarkers showed only a significant positive correlation with PTH levels. Conclusions: Everolimus treatment did not modify the clinical progression of the disease in an aggressive form of POH, although an impact on the protein markers studied was observed.

[Urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract dysfunction prevalence in schoolchildren: risk factors]. / Prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria diurna (IUD), disfunción del tracto urinario inferior en edad escolar y análisis de factores de riesgo.

Recently, many papers report an increase of pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), which affects 10-15% of schoolchildren. Recent life style and dietary changes have been postulated as the cause of that high prevalence. There is a lack in epidemiological investigations about bowel and bladder dysfunctions and the risk factors. We aim to know the LUTD prevalence and the main risk factors. We carry out an observational and transversal investigation with a representative sample of our pediatric schoolchildren (N=1,069). We used a questionnaire about toilet training habits, social, familiar, and dietary data. We also used the PLUTSS (Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Score) questionnaire after validation of the Spanish version. The logistic regression analysis determined the main risk factors of DTUI. Results showed that boys get toilet trained later than girls (2.41 vs. 2.25) and the rate of incontinence is greater than girls when they start on the school. 31.9% of children remove their diapers to get into school. The prevalence was 15% for diurnal urinary incontinence and 12.2% nocturnal, DTUI 8.3%, constipation 20%, faecal incontinence 2.8%, ITUs 12.4%, retention habits 39.8%. 28.7% of children with DTUI refer psychological affectation. The main independent predictors were: male sex (OR 1.87), younger children (OR 0.78), forced toilet training (OR 2.14), constipation (OR 1.61) and holding habits (OR=3.87). This study showed a high prevalence of bladder in our pediatric population. Male gender, voiding postposition, early schooling or constipation were the main risk factors. The knowledge of the bladder and bowel dysfunction prevalence and the toilet training habits in our Community lets us to conclude school, family and primary care recommendations. This will let to prevent this so much prevalent disease.

En los últimos años se ha incrementado la prevalencia de disfunciones del tracto urinario inferior (DTUI), afectando al 10-15% de escolares. Este incremento se ha relacionado con cambios en el estilo de vida y dietéticos. Pocos estudios analizan los factores de riesgo. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la prevalencia de DTUI y sus principales factores. Realizamos un estudio observacional transversal de prevalencia sobre una muestra representativa de escolares de nuestra comunidad (N=1.069). Utilizamos un cuestionario sobre hábitos de aprendizaje miccional, hábito intestinal y datos dietéticos. Asociamos el cuestionario PLUTSS (Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Score) de screening de DTUI, tras traducirlo y validarlo en español. Análisis de regresión logística evaluaron los principales factores de riesgo. Los varones retiran el pañal más tarde (2,41 vs. 2,25) comenzando el colegio con mayor porcentaje de incontinencia. El 31,9% retiraron el pañal para poder escolarizarse. La prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria fue 15% diurna y 12,2% nocturna, la de DTUI 8,3%, estreñimiento 20%, incontinencia fecal 2,8%, ITUs 12,4%, hábito posponedor 39,8%. El 28,7% de las DTUI referían repercusión psicológica. Los principales factores de riesgo fueron: varón (OR 1,87), menor edad (OR 0,78), retirada de pañal forzada por escolarización (OR 2,14), estreñimiento (OR 1,61) y hábito retencionista (OR 3,87). Nuestro estudio mostró una elevada prevalencia de disfunción vesical en nuestra población pediátrica. El sexo masculino, el hábito posponedor, la escolarización precoz y el estreñimiento fueron los principales factores de riesgo. Conocer su epidemiología, nos ha permitido emitir recomendaciones escolares, familiares y en atención primaria, con el fin de prevenir esta patología tan prevalente.

Prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria diurna (IUd), disfunción del tracto urinario inferior en edad escolar y análisis de factores de riesgo / Urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract dysfunction prevalence in schoolchildren: risk factors

En los últimos años se ha incrementado la prevalencia de disfunciones del tracto urinario inferior (DTUI), afectando al 10-15% de escolares. Este incremento se ha relacionado con cambios en el estilo de vida y dietéticos. Pocos estudios analizan los factores de riesgo. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la prevalencia de DTUI y sus principales factores. Realizamos un estudio observacional transversal de prevalencia sobre una muestra representativa de escolares de nuestra comunidad (N=1.069). Utilizamos un cuestionario sobre hábitos de aprendizaje miccional, hábito intestinal y datos dietéticos. Asociamos el cuestionario PLUTSS (Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Score) de screening de DTUI, tras traducirlo y validarlo en español. Análisis de regresión logística evaluaron los principales factores de riesgo. Los varones retiran el pañal más tarde (2,41 vs. 2,25) comenzando el colegio con mayor porcentaje de incontinencia. El 31,9% retiraron el pañal para poder escolarizarse. La prevalencia de incontinencia urinaria fue 15% diurna y 12,2% nocturna, la de DTUI 8,3%, estreñimiento 20%, incontinencia fecal 2,8%, ITUs 12,4%, hábito posponedor 39,8%. El 28,7% de las DTUI referían repercusión psicológica. Los principales factores de riesgo fueron: varón (OR 1,87), menor edad (OR 0,78), retirada de pañal forzada por escolarización (OR 2,14), estreñimiento (OR 1,61) y hábito retencionista (OR 3,87). Nuestro estudio mostró una elevada prevalencia de disfunción vesical en nuestra población pediátrica. El sexo masculino, el hábito posponedor, la escolarización precoz y el estreñimiento fueron los principales factores de riesgo. Conocer su epidemiología, nos ha permitido emitir recomendaciones escolares, familiares y en atención primaria, con el fin de prevenir esta patología tan prevalente

Recently, many papers report an increase of pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), which affects 10-15% of schoolchildren. Recent life style and dietary changes have been postulated as the cause of that high prevalence. There is a lack in epidemiological investigations about bowel and bladder dysfunctions and the risk factors. We aim to know the LUTD prevalence and the main risk factors. We carry out an observational and transversal investigation with a representative sample of our pediatric schoolchildren (N=1,069). We used a questionnaire about toilet training habits, social, familiar, and dietary data. We also used the PLUTSS (Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Score) questionnaire after validation of the Spanish version. The logistic regression analysis determined the main risk factors of DTUI. Results showed that boys get toilet trained later than girls (2.41 vs. 2.25) and the rate of incontinence is greater than girls when they start on the school. 31.9% of children remove their diapers to get into school. The prevalence was 15% for diurnal urinary incontinence and 12.2% nocturnal, DTUI 8.3%, constipation 20%, faecal incontinence 2.8%, ITUs 12.4%, retention habits 39.8%. 28.7% of children with DTUI refer psychological affectation. The main independent predictors were: male sex (OR 1.87), younger children (OR 0.78), forced toilet training (OR 2.14), constipation (OR 1.61) and holding habits (OR=3.87). This study showed a high prevalence of bladder in our pediatric population. Male gender, voiding postposition, early schooling or constipation were the main risk factors. The knowledge of the bladder and bowel dysfunction prevalence and the toilet training habits in our Community lets us to conclude school, family and primary care recommendations. This will let to prevent this so much prevalent disease

A cross-sectional study of cryptorchidism in children: testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years of age.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. RESULTS: Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 L. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or age of initial treatment exerts no definite effect on testicular volume improvement r hormonal levels at 18 years of age.

A cross-sectional study of cryptorchidism in children: testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years of age

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between unilateral or bilateral criptorchidism, patient age, primary location of the gonad and modality of treatment with testicular volume and hormonal status at 18 years in patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood. Materials and Methods Testicular volume, LH, FSH, and testosterone were evaluated in 143 young men at 18 years treated in childhood for unilateral (n=103) or bilateral (n=40) cryptorchidism. Results Unilateral cryptorchidism: Location of testis was prescrotal in 36 patients, inguinal in 52 and non-palpable in 15. The mean volume was 9.7 mL compared to 16.2 mL. for the spontaneously descended testicle in unilateral cryptorchidism. However, 22 patients who received HCG had a significantly bigger testis (11.8 mL.) than those treated with primary surgery (9.2 mL). The results showed a significant positive correlation between testicular volume and patient age at treatment. Bilateral cryptorchidism Location of testis was prescrotal in 34 cases, inguinal in 40 and 6 patients with non-palpable testicles. Mean volume at 18 years was 12.9 mL, greater than unilateral cryptorchid testis (9.7 mL) but smaller than healthy contralateral in unilateral cases (16.2 mL). There were significant differences in the testicular growth for bilateral patients with testicular descent after being treated with HCG (14.4 mL) in respect with those untreated (11.1 mL) or those who underwent primary surgery (11.4 mL). There was a significant positive correlation between the testicular volume and palpable (12.4 mL) or non-palpable testis (10.4 mL). There was a correlation between unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism and levels of FSH. Conclusions Testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years for patients diagnosed and treated for cryptorchidism during childhood are strongly influenced by whether the undescended testis was unilateral or bilateral. Location of the testes at diagnosis or ...

Tratamiento conservador del infarto omental / Conservative treatment for omental infarction

El infarto omental es una patología que se presenta cada vez más en los niños debido al mayor uso de los estudios de imagen y al incremento del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Clínicamente se caracteriza por doloren hemiabdomen derecho y puede confundirse con apendicitis, ileítis, adenitis, entre otros cuadros abdominales. Su diagnóstico definitivo requiere la realización de estudios de imagen y su tratamiento puede ser conservador. Presentamos 3 casos de infarto omental con diferente forma de presentación clínica, tratados con éxito de forma conservadora

The omental infarction is a pathology that occurs more and more in children due to the increased use of imaging studies and the increment in overweight and obesity. Clinical presentation is characterized by abdominal pain and can be confused with appendicitis, ileitis, adenitis,a mong other abdominal conditions. Definitive diagnosis requires the performance of radiologic investigations and its treatment may be conservative. We report three cases of omental infarction with different form of clinical presentation, successfully managed conservativel

[Conservative treatment for omental infarction]. / Tratamiento conservador del infarto omental.

The omental infarction is a pathology that occurs more and more in children due to the increased use of imaging studies and the increment in overweigth and obesity. Clinical presentation is characterized by abdominal pain and can be confused with appendicitis, ileitis, adenitis, among other abdominal conditions. Definitive diagnosis requires the performance of radiologic investigations and its treatment may be conservative. We report three cases of omental infarction with different form of clinical presentation, successfully managed conservatively.

Abdominal cystic lymphangiomas in pediatrics: surgical approach and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal Cystic lymphangiomas (ACL) are uncommon benign masses usually presented during infancy. Although extremely rare, they may cause complications; therefore, the recommended therapy is surgical excision. The purpose of this study is to report our experience with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of ACL in pediatric population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 1994 to December 2009, 10 patients (6 females; 4 males) with diagnostic confirmation of ACL were retrospectively included in study. Children's age ranged between 9 months and 8 years (mean age at diagnosis was 2.5 years). Clinical presentation, cyst location, imaging studies employed, surgical approach and pathologic features were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common symptom was abdominal pain but three cases were incidentally detected. One case had presented with acute abdomen after traumatic haemorrhage of the tumor. All patients were diagnosed with ultrasonography as first-line radiological study. MRI was used in last three cases. At surgery, concomitant bowel resection was necessary in 3 children. Location of the lesion (omentum, mesentery) did not influence the outcome but surgery was more difficult (operative time over three hours) in patients with lymphangioma affecting mesentery of the jejunum. Mean hospital stay after surgery was 6.7 days. Mean follow-up was 5.1 years. No recurrence of the cystic lymphangioma was noticed during follow-up. One case developed an intestinal occlusion due to bowel adhesions 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: ACL usually affect infants and young children and may present with spectrum of symptoms from an incidental finding to an acute life-threatening abdominal obstruction. Complete excision of the tumor is a safe and effective method in the management of ACL in pediatric population. Surgery is mandatory to avoid potential complications.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de los quistes ováricos perinatales / Surgical treatment of perinatal ovarian cysts

Introducción. Los quistes ováricos perinatales se diagnostican cada vez con mayor frecuencia debido al uso rutinario de la ecografía prenatal y neonatal. Objetivo. Presentar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico de quistes ováricos perinatales. Material y método. Revisión de las historias clínicas de 10 neonatos con diagnóstico de quiste ovárico sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico en los últimos 20 años. Resultados. Los quistes ováricos se detectaron antenatalmente en8 casos y en edad neonatal en 2. La presentación clínica fue una masa abdominal palpable asintomática en 7 casos, y en 3 la exploración fue normal. El origen ovárico de la masa abdominal se determinó mediante ecografía en 8 pacientes y en 2 se realizó adicionalmente 1 TAC y1 RMN abdominal. La ecografía diferenció 7 quistes complejos y 3 simples. Intraoperatoriamente se evidenciaron 6 quistes complicados, delos cuales 5 fueron torsionados y 1 hemorrágico. El tratamiento quirúrgico consistió en 5 salpingooforectomías, 2 ooforectomías y 3 quistectomías. Conclusiones. La torsión ovárica constituye la complicación más (..) (AU)

Introduction. Actually, the perinatal ovarian cysts are increasingly being diagnosed by prenatal and neonatal ultrasound. Objective. We reported our experience in the surgical management of perinatal ovarian cysts. Patients and methods. We have reviewed the clinical charts of 10female newborns diagnosed of ovarian cysts who underwent surgical management in our hospital from 1989 to 2009. Results. The ovarian cysts were diagnosed antenatally in 8 cases and period neonatal in 2 cases. The clinical presentation was asymptomatic abdominal mass in (..) (AU)

Hernia de Amyand infantil presentándose como escroto agudo / Infantile amyand's hernia presenting as acute scrotum

La hernia de Amyand es una patología de presentación excepcional en los niños y se define por la presencia del apéndice inflamado dentro de una hernia inguinal. Puede manifestarse clínicamente como escroto agudo, linfadenitis inguinal o hernia estrangulada. El tratamiento esquirúrgico y aunque se describen diversos abordajes, la apendicectomíay herniotomía vía inguinal se considera de elección (AU)

Amyand´s hernia is a condition of exceptional presentation in children and is defined by the presence of inflamed appendix inside a inguinalhernia. It may manifest clinically as acute scrotum, inguinal lymphadenitis or strangulated hernia. The treatment is surgical and although several approaches are described, appendectomy with herniotomy byinguinal approach is considered of choice (AU

Accidentes de circulación: impacto en un registro de trauma infantil en la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia / Traffic accidents: impact on a child trauma registry in the Autonomous Community of Galicia

Objetivo: Estudiar el impacto de los accidentes de circulación en un registro autonómico de trauma pediátrico (RTP). Material y método: Recogida de datos prospectiva, sistemática y multicéntrica durante el año 2009, de pacientes pediátricos con ingreso hospitalario en Galicia. Se analizaron 398 pacientes, 66% varones, con edad media de 7 años y peso medio 30 kg. El 34% fueron accidentes de tráfico. Recibieron asistencia prehospitalaria un 53%, y por personal médico un 38,5%. Resultados: Traslados en ambulancia no medicalizada un 30,8%, medicalizada el 13,8%, medio particular el 53,8%, por propio pie el 1,5%. En ambulancia medicalizada un 38,5% no llevaban vía intravenosa, y un 77,6 % no portaban collarín cervical. De los trasladados en coche un 6,4% llegaron con un Índice de Trauma Pediátrico (ITP)<8. En accidentes de automóvil viajaban sin sistema de retención el 62,5% de los casos, y en los de moto el 30% sin casco. Los sistemas más afectados fueron el aparato locomotor (61,5%), y el área craneofacial (58%). El 73% de los accidentes ocurrió en ciudad y la mayoría entre las 17 y las 20 horas. Conclusiones: Mayor riesgo en varones, mayor frecuencia de accidentes en ciudad y en horario de tarde, afectación mayoritaria del aparato locomotor. La incidencia de ingresos aumenta según disminuye el ITP (AU)

Objetive: To assess the impact of traffic accidents in a regional pediatric trauma registry (PTR). Methods: During 2009 we collected data prospectively, systematic, multi-hospital, in a secure Web database from 398 patients, 66% male, mean age 7 years, and mean weight 30 kg. Of this group received 53% prehospital care and by medical personnel only 38,5%. Inclusion criteria: pediatric patient admited at hospital by accident. Results: Transfer in non medicalised ambulance in 30,8%, medicalized in 13,8%, passenger car in a 53,8% or even walking at 1,5%. Those who were taken by ambulances to a 38,5% had no intravenous and 77,6% did not bring a cervical collar. Of the car moved, 6,4% came with ITP <8 (Pediatric Trauma Index). In car accidents, children had no restraint in 62.5%, and the motorcycle, 30% not wearing a helmet. Most affected systems, highlights the locomotor 61,5% and the craniofacial area with 58%. In the study of the site highlights the city, 73%, and the highway, 20% of the total. For slots, the majority of accidents occurred between 17 and 20 hours. Conclusions: The RTP shows a bleak picture in terms of initial support to pediatric trauma is concerned, and specifically in road accidents (AU)

[Surgical treatment of perinatal ovarian cysts]. / Tratamiento quirürgico de los quistes ováricos perinatales.

INTRODUCTION: Actually, the perinatal ovarian cysts are increasingly being diagnosed by prenatal and neonatal ultrasound. OBJECTIVE: We reported our experience in the surgical management of perinatal ovarian cysts. Patients and methods. We have reviewed the clinical charts of 10 female newborns diagnosed of ovarian cysts who underwent surgical management in our hospital from 1989 to 2009. RESULTS: The ovarian cysts were diagnosed antenatally in 8 cases and period neonatal in 2 cases. The clinical presentation was asymptomatic abdominal mass in 7 cases. Ultrasound confirmed the ovarian mass in 8 patients. CT scan and MRI were necessary for confirm suspected diagnosis in two patients. Ultrasonography showed 7 complex cysts and 3 simple cysts. Surgery of the complicated cysts revealed ovarian torsion in 5 cases and 1 hemorragic cyst. At surgery, 5 patients underwent salpingooophorectomy, 2 patients needed oophorectomy and in 3 cases only cystectomy were necessary. CONCLUSION: The ovarian torsion is the most common complication and the cause of loss of the ovary. The neonatal ovarian cysts greater than 5 centimetres, symptomatic cysts, complex cysts and cysts persisting for more than 6 months need surgical intervention.

[Infantile Amyand's hernia presenting as acute scrotum]. / Hernia de amyand infantil presentándose como escroto agudo.

Amyand's hernia is a condition of exceptional presentation in children and is defined by the presence of inflamed appendix inside a inguinal hernia. It may manifest clinically as acute scrotum, inguinal lymphadenitis or strangulated hernia. The treatment is surgical and although several approaches are described, appendectomy with herniotomy by inguinal approach is considered of choice.

Colecistectomía en niños: nuestra experiencia con 37 casos / Cholecystectomy in children: our experience with 37 cases

Introducción. Las indicaciones de colecistectomía en niños han experimentado un cambio gradual y el número de colecistectomías ha incrementado, considerando a la colecistectomía laparoscópica de elección. Objetivo. Determinar las indicaciones, tipo de colecistectomía, tiempo operatorio, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones, procedimientos concomitantes y hallazgos anatomopatológicos. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo. Revisión de 37 historiasclínicas de pacientes colecistectomizados. Resultados. Evaluamos 37 pacientes (16 niños y 21 niñas) con edad media 9 años. Las indicaciones fueron: litiasis biliar 33, colecistitis aguda 2, tumor de vesícula 1 y vesícula tabicada 1. El 68% fueron colecistectomías laparoscópicas (tiempo operatorio: 84 minutos y estancia hospitalaria: 8 días) y el 32% abiertas( tiempo operatorio: 103 minutos y estancia hospitalaria: 14 días). Como complicación laparoscópica hubo una apertura accidental del conducto hepático común. Procedimientos concomitantes fueron: 9 colangiografías intraoperatorias, 5 biopsiashepáticas, 3 esplenectomías, 2 apendicectomías, entre otros. La anatomía patológica mostró: colecistitis litiásica crónica 30, vesícula normal3, colecistitis crónica 1, adenocarcinoma de vesícula 1, cambios inflamatorios crónicos 2. Conclusiones. La principal indicación de colecistectomía fue lalitiasis biliar. La mayoría fueron colecistectomías laparoscópicas con tiempo operatorio y estancia hospitalaria más cortos. La colangiografía intraoperatoria, biopsia hepática y esplenectomía fueron los procedimientos concomitantes más frecuentes. El hallazgo anatomopatológico principal fue la colecistitis litiásica crónica (AU)

Introduction. The indications of cholecystectomy in children had undergone a gradual change and the number of cholecystectomies had increased, considering to the laparoscopic cholecystectomy of election. Objective. To determine the indications, type of cholecystectomy, operative time, hospital stay, associate complications, concomitant procedures and pathologic findings. Material and method. Descriptive study. Revision of 37 clinicalhistories of cholecystectomics patients. Results. We evaluate 37 patients (16 boys and 21 girls) with age average 9 years. The indications were: cholelithiasis 33, acute cholecystitis 2, gallbladder tumor 1 and septate gallbladder 1. 68% were laparoscopic cholecystectomies (operative time: 84 minutes and hospital stay:8 days) and 32% open cholecystectomies (operative time: 103 minutes and hospital stay: 14 days). Laparoscopic complication was one unexpectec opening of common hepatic duct. Concomitant procedures were:9 intraoperative cholangiography, 5 hepatic biopsies, 3 splenectomies,2 appendectomies. The pathologic anatomy showed: chronic lithiasiccholecystitis 30, normal gallbladder 3, chronic cholecystitis 1, gallbladder adenocarcinoma 1, chronic inflammatory changes 2. Conclusions. The main indication of cholecystectomy was thecholelithiasis. The majority were laparoscopic cholecystectomies with shorter operative time and shorter hospital stay. The intraoperative cholangiography, hepatic biopsy and splenectomy were the more frequent concomitant procedures. Main pathologic finding was the chronic lithiasic cholecystitis (AU)

Relevance of herniography for accurate diagnosis of patent processus vaginalis in cryptorchidism.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.

Relevance of herniography for accurate diagnosis of patent processus vaginalis in cryptorchidism

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of peritoneography in assessing the patency of processus vaginalis (PV) in pediatric patients diagnosed with cryptorchidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective clinical trial to evaluate the patency of PV in boys presenting cryptorchidism. Herniography was performed in 310 prepubertal boys. Data about the morphology of PV was compared with operative findings in those surgically treated patients. Retractile and ectopic testes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Of the 376 undescended testes (310 patients), 281 cases were associated with an obliterated PV. Herniography revealed 95 cases of open PV in cryptorchid boys. The 244 normally descended testes had associated patent processus vaginalis in only 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Herniography is the most relevant procedure for accurate diagnosis of persistent PV. The persistence of PV was significantly more frequent when the position of the testes is more cranial. The incidence of an open PV decreases with age.

Seudoquiste pancreático en dos pacientes menores de 24 meses / Pancreatic pseudocysts in two patients under 24 months of age

El seudoquiste pancreático se produce como consecuencia de un proceso inflamatorio y/o traumático; su contenido es estéril y rico en enzimas pancreáticas. Habitualmente, debe sospecharse ante una elevación persistente de la amilasa, puesto que suele ser asintomático, salvo complicaciones. El 40-50% de los seudoquistes se resuelven espontáneamente, y deben drenarse los mayores de 6 cm y/o que persistan más de seis semanas, dado el riesgo de complicaciones. Presentamos los casos de dos pacientes menores de 24 meses con seudoquistes pancreáticos secundarios a pancreatitis agudas: el primero con una evolución típica y el segundo con una elevación aislada de la lipasa

Pancreatic pseudocysts are produced as a result of an inflammatory process or trauma, and contain a sterile, amylase-rich fluid. They should be suspected in the case of persistently increased amylase levels, as they are asymptomatic unless complications develop. Pseudocysts resolve spontaneously in 40%- 50% of cases. Those measuring more than 6 cm and/or persisting for more than 6 weeks are at high risk for the development of further complications and therefore require drainage. We describe two cases of pancreatic pseudocysts secondary to acute pancreatitis in two patients under 24 months of age. The first one exhibited the typical course, whereas, in the second one, an isolated increase in lipase was detected

Endoscopia digestiva intervencionista en Pediatría / Digestive interventional endoscopy in pediatrics

La endoscopia pediátrica se ha trasformado lenta y progresivamente de una técnica puramente diagnóstica en una técnica terapéutica de primer orden. Todo ello gracias a la evolución tecnoló- gica y a la miniaturización del equipamiento. Estos procedimientos invasivos son realizados con anestesia general y representan una pequeña intervención quirúrgica, por lo que debe protocolizarse el uso del consentimiento informado. Muchos de ellos son realizados habitualmente en las unidades de endoscopia pediátrica: extracción de cuerpos extraños, dilatación esofágica, gastrostomía endoscópica percutá- nea, polipectomía; para otras técnicas existen pocas indicaciones: esclerosis de varices esofágicas, hemostasia en hemorragia digestiva, achalasia, y otras, por su excepcionalidad, como la colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada, son realizadas en colaboración con los endoscopistas de adultos que poseen una mayor experiencia en este campo. La endoscopia terapéutica es una técnica segura, efectiva y posible de realizar en la mayoría de las unidades de endoscopia pediá- trica (AU)

With development and improvement of the endoscope equipment, the paediatric endoscopy is developing from the diagnosis endoscopy to the interventional endoscopy. It is realized under general anaesthesia as a minimal invasive surgery and it is necessary to regularize the legal requirements. The main acts are realized in a current way in paediatrics endoscopy units: extraction of foreign body, dilation of oesophageal strictures, gastrostomy, polipectomy. Other indications are less frequent: injection sclerotherapy, haemostasis of upper GI bleeding or endoscopic achalasia treatment. The biliary and/or pancreatic lesions is rare in children, in these cases, interventional endoscopy is usually done with the collaboration of the adult endoscopists, with a far experience. Interventional endoscopy is a safe and effective technique that can be performed in all the pediatrics endoscopy units (AU)